Despite the many tech advancements connecting people no matter where they are in the world, a growing number of individuals continue to experience isolation in their communities.
In the United Kingdom, loneliness among older people has become a cause of concern and a "national priority," according to the Campaign to End Loneliness - a network of individuals and organizations that have teamed up to address the issues of social isolation in later life.
By pinpointing individuals who experience isolation, the group hopes not only to alleviate feelings of disconnect but to help the elderly participate in community life again. It also aims to deliver necessary social and health services to these lonely individuals who have become "hidden" from their own families and neighbors.
The challenge, however, is determining who exactly in the community is lonely and in need of support.
"Finding people who are experiencing loneliness can be challenging, as they are often also some of the most hidden people in our communities," said Laura Alcock-Ferguson, campaign director.
For this reason, the campaign and the University of Kent have undertaken [pdf] research that helps identify people suffering from social isolation and recommend ways of reaching out. More importantly, the report is calling for the creation of "loneliness maps."
How to Identify Lonely People
A culmination of factors causes loneliness, as stated in the campaign's study. These factors are divided into two groups: intrinsic and extrinsic.
Intrinsic Factors
Primary Social Group – People who are part of ethnic or minority social groups are found to be more susceptible to bouts of loneliness. The study yielded conflicting results on the importance gender role plays, but there is evidence suggesting men are often less prepared to tell others they are lonely.
Personality – Older people who keep open minds are less likely to be lonely. This suggests that personality can play a role in developing feelings of loneliness. Neurotic people are at higher risk of becoming lonely.
Psychological Response – Having a negative outlook on life also contributes to loneliness. People who lack personal resilience and those who have poor social skills also tend to be lonely and isolated.
Extrinsic Factors
Environmental – It's believed that lack of transportation, living in a highly populated neighborhood and being away from family can lead to loneliness. These circumstances also limit the opportunities for establishing social connections with others.
Traumas, Transitions and Life Events – Most people cite these factors as reasons for their loneliness. A primary cause mentioned by people is bereavement.
Personal Circumstances – Being childless, having a minimum income and suffering from poor health can affect a negative outlook on life. The loss of sight and hearing also increases the likelihood of becoming lonely.
Loneliness Maps
Through the Gloucestershire County Council's research, a "map" was devised outlining variables that could lead to loneliness and isolation:
1. The head of the household is 65 or older.
2. There is only one person occupying the household.
3. The person has a history of anxiety, depression or mental illness.
4. The person does not own a car.
5. The person does not engage in conversations with neighbors.
6. The person doesn't believe he or she has anyone to listen, assist in a crisis, or to relax with.
7. The person is not happy with his or her social life.
8. The person has a low annual income.
These identifying factors have helped the council to set up focus groups in high risk areas of the community.
How to Reach People in the Community
The study discussed three current strategies used to discern members of the community who are lonely. Researchers try to reach as many people as possible through mass media initiatives, spreading ideas by word of mouth and person-to-person recommendations, and through partnerships with public, private and third party organizations.
In mass media campaigns, people were reached through leaflets and posters featuring the points of the research. These materials were given out by service providers who placed them in general practitioner offices, supermarkets and libraries. Advertisements on local radio stations and council-funded magazines were also utilized.
Another strategy is providing service to residents through recommendations. One advantage of this approach is that it gives the person suffering from loneliness the confidence to participate in the campaign, thanks to an invitation from a friend or acquaintance. This is particularly effective with isolated adults whose social connections may have already eroded over time.
The third strategy involves a concerted effort with public and private sectors, as well as third party partnerships. These may vary depending on the local community, but it aims to improve referrals between services. Health and care professionals and charity volunteers play an integral role in this process.
The Campaign to End Loneliness is advocating for councils to use loneliness maps to help people in their community. They also urge others to offer a helping hand in routing out loneliness in their area.
Photo: Paul L Dineen | Flickr
