In Japan, a concerning rise in cases of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) has been observed. This is attributed to a rare and dangerous "flesh-eating bacteria" called group A Streptococcus (GAS).
TOKYO, JAPAN - JUNE 05: Pedestrians, many wearing protective masks, cross the road at Shibuya Crossing on June 05, 2020 in Tokyo, Japan. On May 25, the Japanese government lifted a nation wide state of emergency. However, the Tokyo metropolitan government confirmed 34 new case of Covid-19 on Tuesday and announced a Tokyo Alert. (Photo : Takashi Aoyama/Getty Images)
Dangerous 'Flesh-Eating Bacteria' in Japan
According to Japan's Health Ministry, there have been 977 documented cases this year, which has a mortality rate as high as 30% that predominantly impacted individuals aged 50 and above.
This outbreak in Japan exceeded last year's 941 initial infections, the highest since statistics started in 1999. Between January and March alone, Japan's Health Ministry recorded 77 deaths attributed to the "flesh-eating bacteria."
This troubling trend emerged after the COVID-19 pandemic, yet the reasons behind its sudden proliferation remain unclear. Last year, Japanese authorities reported 97 deaths due to STSS, the second-highest number of fatalities in the past six years.
STSS is a severe and potentially life-threatening illness that can be fatal within just 48 hours of infection. This terrifying disease is caused by the GAS bacteria that produce a toxin that causes serious illnesses such as toxic shock.
Symptoms include high fever, low blood pressure, severe pain often localized to one limb, swelling and redness at the infection site, tissue necrosis, confusion, breathing problems, and multiple organ failure.
The infection progresses rapidly, with severe symptoms developing within hours, and without immediate treatment, it can be fatal within 48 hours. Individuals over 50, especially those with chronic illnesses or weakened immune systems, are more susceptible to STSS.
The CDC noted that Strep A can also cause necrotizing fasciitis, a "flesh-eating" disease resulting in limb loss. Most patients with this condition have underlying health issues like cancer or diabetes, which impair their ability to fight infections.
GAS infections were relatively low before COVID-19 restrictions such as mask-wearing and social distancing were eased. However, with the relaxation of these measures, many countries have seen an increase in cases.
GAS bacteria can enter the body through wounds or skin breaks and can be transmitted via respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected individuals. In March, Japanese officials warned of a surge in STSS cases, with the National Institute of Infectious Diseases reporting an increase since July 2023, particularly among those under 50.
Early detection is crucial for treating the disease. Among current treatments include aggressive antibiotic therapy, supportive care for shock and organ failure, and sometimes surgical intervention to remove infected tissue.
The CDC noted that the entry point of the bacteria into the body remains unknown for nearly half of the STSS cases. Good hygiene and prompt treatment of open wounds are essential preventive measures.
The cause of the infection spike remains unclear. Professor Ken Kikuchi from Tokyo Women's Medical University told NHK that weakened immune systems post-COVID might be a factor.
He explained that regular exposure to bacteria helps boost immunity, a mechanism that was disrupted during the pandemic. As a result, more people are now susceptible to infections, potentially explaining the sharp rise in cases.
